Landlords expect their properties to be returned in excellent condition when a lease ends and the tenant vacates. The property must be in a marketable state for future tenants. The lease itself outlines the repairing covenants for the property, which vary depending on the type or part of the building being let. If the entire building is being let, the tenant is responsible for all repairs. If only a portion of the building is being let, tenants are responsible for internal repairs and decoration, while landlords are responsible for external and structural repairs. These costs will be recovered through a service charge to all tenants. Tenants must be aware of 'put and keep' repair covenants, which require them to put the property into repair, even if it is out of repair at the start of the lease.
Landlords must ensure that their property is in a suitable condition for tenants to occupy, as failure to do so could result in legal action. It is important to note that tenants are not obligated to carry out any improvements to the property to make it more marketable to future tenants. In addition to the lease, it is essential to review any licenses or deeds of variation that may apply to the property. As the lease approaches its end, landlords and tenants must consider various issues. At CDL, we can provide expert advice on these matters and recommend the best course of action.
Schedule of Dilapidations
The landlord must take the first step in the process by promptly preparing and sending the tenant a comprehensive schedule. This schedule must clearly outline all breaches, categorized into repair, reinstatement, redecoration, etc. Additionally, it must specify the remedial works necessary to address the breaches and, where applicable, provide the landlord's costings. The schedule must be in the form set out at either Annex B or Annex C of the Protocol, depending on whether a surveyor or the landlord has prepared it, and must include the relevant endorsement. The Protocol mandates that the schedule be sent within 56 days after the termination of the tenancy, and any delay beyond this period is unacceptable.
Landlords must serve a schedule of dilapidations at the end of a tenancy. This schedule should comply with the provisions of the Protocol unless the landlord intends to commence the process under the Protocol. Landlords must ensure that they follow the lease provisions regarding the time and address for serving the schedule. The Protocol strongly recommends that the schedule be sent electronically to enable the tenant's comments to be incorporated into one document. Failure to serve a schedule of dilapidations could result in the landlord losing the ability to claim damages for any damages caused by the tenant. Therefore, landlords must take this seriously and act quickly and efficiently.
Quantified Demand
The Protocol mandates the timely issuance of a Quantified Demand to the tenant, alongside the schedule of dilapidations. This demand must clearly outline all aspects of the dispute and substantiate the monetary damages sought for the breaches detailed in the schedule, as well as any other losses for which compensation is sought. The demand must specify whether VAT applies, confirm the landlord and/or its surveyor's attendance at a meeting, and stipulate a reasonable deadline (usually within 56 days) for the tenant's response.
The monetary damages and other losses must be fully quantified and substantiated, with invoices or detailed estimates provided as necessary. The demand must also provide the legal basis for the recovery of losses. The figures presented must be limited to the landlord's likely loss, which may differ from the cost of remedial works.
The landlord's intentions for the property must be included in the dilapidation survey report and supersede any potential claims for the cost of works. It is crucial for the landlord and its surveyor to carefully consider whether to claim for the cost of the works or if the claim should be capped at a lesser amount under section 18(1) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927. This decision must be made at this stage to ensure a clear and decisive course of action.
Landlord
The landlord must plan for the letting or sale of their property well in advance of the lease expiring. If the landlord wishes to re-let or sell the property, they should serve a schedule of dilapidations early to allow the tenant ample time to carry out the necessary repairs. Alternatively, if the landlord wishes to take control of the repairs themselves, they should wait until the end of the lease before serving the schedule. The repairs must be completed promptly to avoid any loss of rent. If there is any delay in carrying out the repairs, the landlord may claim lost rent from the outgoing tenant, but the amount will be reduced due to the landlord's negligence. If the landlord intends to make a damages claim against the tenant, they must consider their plans for the property and the amount they expect to receive. If the landlord plans to demolish or significantly alter the property, the actual damages incurred due to the tenant's failure to repair will be lower.
The damages a tenant is liable for cannot exceed the difference in value of the property in its current condition and the condition it would be in had the repairs been completed. Landlords may provide a list of anticipated repair costs as evidence of the property's reduced value, but ultimately, the court will consider the landlord's intentions for the property at the end of the lease when evaluating the evidence.
Tenants
Tenants must take the initiative and seek expert advice on the property's condition and its impact on its value. It is highly recommended to obtain a comprehensive report. If the property's condition significantly affects its value, tenants must take prompt action to initiate repairs. This approach will help them keep the costs under control and reduce the chances of future claims by the landlord. However, if the property's condition has a minimal impact on its value, tenants can save on repair costs and rely on the report to counter any future claims by the landlord.
What action to take?
Landlords have several remedies available to them when a tenant breaches a repairing covenant. Damages can be claimed once the lease has ended, with the amount depending on various factors. Forfeiture of the lease during its term is also an option, but there is a strict procedure to follow. Some leases allow landlords to enter the property and carry out repairs themselves, recovering costs from the tenant. In rare cases, landlords can demand specific performance from the tenant. Landlords seeking to make dilapidations claims at the end of a lease must adhere to the Pre-Action protocol for dilapidations claims set out by the Property Litigation Association.
Basic Overview of the Procedure
The landlord must serve a schedule of dilapidations to the tenant within 56 days after the end of the tenancy. Along with this, the landlord must send a quantified demand within the same time frame. The landlord and tenant (or their legal advisors) should meet on a ‘without prejudice’ basis before the tenant prepares a response to the quantified demand. The tenant must respond to the quantified demand within 56 days of its service. If the issues are not resolved, the parties should carry out a ‘stocktake’ of the issues in dispute. The parties should consider an alternative dispute resolution procedure such as mediation. Throughout the process, both landlords and tenants must remain open, honest, and realistic with each other to seek an amicable resolution to disputes over dilapidations.
Would you like to learn more about how we can help you with your next residential or commercial project, fill in your details and a member of our team will be in touch.